Tourism policy,biodiversity conservation and management: a case of the Kruger National Park,South Africa

Management of Kruger National Park (KNP) has recently made considerable progress in developing new policies to address biodiversity conservation and management challenges. These include tourism, water provision and elephant management policies. This study examines the integration of these three policies with regard to biodiversity conservation and management. Findings indicate that in their current fragmented form, the three policies actually undermine opportunities for effective biodiversity conservation and management in the KNP. This can be reversed by adopting a new management approach based on an environmental matrix organizational framework. Such a framework provides a mechanism for integrated policymaking and implementation and for improving biodiversity conservation and management in the KNP. The study concludes that an integrated approach is necessary due to the interlinkages between policies that affect biodiversity conservation at the KNP.     

碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板耐火性能试验研究

对5块钢筋混凝土板(分别为未加固、采用有机胶或无机胶粘贴碳纤维加固、采取或不采取防火保护措施)进行标准火灾试验,得出了不同种类的胶粘剂和是否采取防火保护措施对高温下碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板的破坏形态、跨中变形、耐火极限等的影响。试验结果表明:即使未采取任何防火保护措施,无机胶粘贴碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板仍具有较好的耐火性能;未采取防火保护措施的情况下,有机胶粘贴碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板的耐火性能比较差;有机胶粘贴碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土板,采取适当的防火保护措施后,可有效降低碳纤维粘贴层的温度,从而保证碳纤维与混凝土的粘结强度。     

河流-湖泊系统中溶解有机质的示踪及迁移

应用同步和三维荧光光谱对夏季贵州红枫湖、百花湖河流-湖泊系统的DOM(溶解有机质)进行识别和示踪,重点揭示了人为来源DOM的迁移和影响.结果表明,人为来源DOM比例较大的水体r(287 nm/332 nm)(同步荧光光谱指数)均大于1,r(B/C)(三维荧光光谱指数)较高,287 nm处的同步荧光峰是有机污染物的特征峰.与红枫湖表层水相比,百花湖表层水出现明显的类蛋白荧光峰,且r(287 nm/332 nm)(2.7)远大于红枫湖(0.7),指示百花湖中人为来源ρ(DOM)高于红枫湖.东门桥河向百花湖输送了较多人为来源DOM,但在百花湖水体纵向剖面4 m以下受到的影响较小.经过稀释和净化百花湖出口人为来源的ρ(DOM)已降至较低水平.同步荧光和三维荧光光谱联合可用来识别和示踪水体中人为来源ρ(DOM).      

机场热点区域三选法研究

要预防机场活动区内航空器滑错滑行道或跑道,就必须有效、准确地识别机场活动区内可能发生混淆的热点区域。为此,在对比研究德尔菲法和头脑风暴法的基础上,提出矩阵法和模糊聚类分析2种定量研究模型。算例结果表明,矩阵法和模糊聚类分析的结果相互印证。结合德尔菲法、矩阵法和模糊聚类分析的三选法在识别机场热点区域过程中能够减少人为主观偏见,提高准确性和可靠性,识别精度总体优于单一的筛选方法。     

基于风险矩阵和LOPA的风险评价系统在油气管道的应用研究

为规范企业风险管理,在分析国内外各种先进风险管理技术的基础上,对风险矩阵法和保护层分析法(LOPA)进行了优化组合,开发了具有特色的组合风险评价方法,形成了具有鲜明特色的风险评价系统.风险评价系统可实现油气管道系统危害因素的系统识别、多层评价、分级管理、有序控制及监控.该风险评价系统在西部管道公司的长输油气管道系统得到了应用,实践效果表明,该风险评价系统能够规范公司风险管理工作,显著提升公司风险管理水平.     

基于因子交互作用矩阵的采空区危险度评价研究

基于因子交互作用影响矩阵及采空区危险度影响因子分析,选取12个采空区危险度主要影响因子,建立采空区危 险度多因子交互作用矩阵模型。通过专家打分法,确定各影响因子相互作用权值,得到影响矩阵对单一因子的影响值及 单一因子对矩阵系统的影响值,从而得出采空区危险度因子影响权重表。分析影响权重表,得到对采空区影响最大的因 子为矿柱尺寸及分布和岩体断裂及破损带。采用差值法,对采空区危险度进行等级划分,最后得到采空区危险度分级图 。经过实例验证,影响矩阵法分析评价结果与实际吻合,表明采用影响矩阵法评价采空区危险度是可行的,具有实际应用 意义,可在实际矿山工程中应用推广。     

模拟废水高温厌氧消化出水中SMP的特性研究

为考察废水高温厌氧消化出水中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)的特性,采用高温厌氧序批式反应器处理葡萄糖模拟废水,运用尺寸排除色谱(SEC)分离厌氧消化出水溶解性有机物(DOM),结合溶解性有机碳(DOC)、UV254吸光度和三维荧光光谱分析方法,对不同分离组分进行了定性和定量研究.结果表明,SMP在出水DOM(356mg/L,以DOC计)中占90.8%,其在高分子量(MW)(10k~100kDa)、中等MW(1k~10kDa)和低MW(<1kDa)内的含量分别为46.8%、45.4%和7.8%.高MW内的SMP比中等、低MW内的SMP有更高的芳香度.废水高温厌氧消化出水中SMP的荧光物质以高的酪氨酸类物质含量,低的富里酸和腐殖酸类物质含量为主要特征.低MW区域的SMP主要包括酪氨酸类物质,而富里酸和腐殖酸类物质主要集中于中等MW区域,色氨酸类和微生物副产物类物质在各MW区域内均有分布.高、中等MW区域(不含630Da相似文献   

生物覆盖层基质对垃圾填埋场甲烷氧化的影响

生物覆盖层甲烷氧化是填埋场甲烷减排的重要途径,覆盖层基质性能对其甲烷氧化能力影响较大。选用≤1mm堆肥物（1#基质）、≤1mm堆肥物＋陶粒（2^#基质）、≤1mm堆肥物＋陶粒（3#基质）、1～2mm堆肥物（4#基质）、2～3．2mm堆肥物（5#基质）等5种不同类型的生物覆盖层基质,在实验室内模拟研究填埋场生物覆盖层的甲烷生物氧化状况,旨在为筛选垃圾填埋场甲烷高效氧化的生物覆盖材料提供科学依据。试验结果表明：粒径对基质氧气传输能力的影响不明显;不同基质的甲烷氧化能力存在显著差异,纯堆肥物基质（1#、4#和5#基质）几乎没有甲烷氧化能力,堆肥物＋陶粒（1：1（v：v）的复合基质（2#、3#基质）的甲烷氧化效率高达100％。堆肥物一陶粒复合基质为甲烷氧化细菌营造了良好的环境,改善了生物覆盖层内的气体传输性能,是一种适宜的填埋场生物覆盖层基质材料。     

Fragmentation profiles for real and simulated landscapes

When a natural landscape is represented by a series of categorical raster maps of varying resolution, a multiresolution characterization of spatial pattern can be obtained in which entropy is computed at each resolution conditional on the next coarser resolution. The series of entropy values is plotted as a function of resolution, resulting in a multiresolution profile of fragmentation pattern in the landscape. If a categorical raster map is available at a single resolution only, a series of degraded maps at increasingly coarser resolutions is generated and the fragmentation profile is computed for this series. An algorithm has been developed for obtaining the profile directly from the single resolution map without having to generate and store the coarser resolution maps. A hierarchical stochastic model is described for simulating categorical raster maps and the fragmentation profile of the generating process is obtained in terms of the model parameters. These process profiles provide benchmarks for assessing empirical profiles obtained from raster maps of actual landscapes. Methods of the paper are applied to several watersheds of Pennsylvania using landcover maps derived from satellite imagery. These examples indicate that characteristic landscape types induce characteristic features in their fragmentation profiles.     

Why not in your backyard? scientific data and nonrational decisions about risk

The siting of hazardous waste facilities constitutes a special case of the many no win environmental decisions we face. They share common features: (a) we must decide something; (b) the decision affects some people more than others; (c) as scientists we are not 100% confident of our research results; (d) elements of the decision remain unquantifiable; and (e) decisions combine both scientific and political elements. In this paper we attempt to illustrate and analyze several examples that combine all of these elements and to suggest methods which would lead toward a scientific valid and politically useful resolution. Using well-known examples such as the public's fear of death from nuclear power, snakebite, and smoking, we attempt to integrate public perception of risks into a decision-making model. Finally, the conclusions deal with the role of policy making, public perception, and science in resolving environmental controversies. We do not, however, solve this perplexing problem.